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Antibiotics are a group of natural organic matter (natural) or semi-synthetic origin, possess the ability to destroy or slow the growth of bacteria, fungi and tumors. At the present time there are thousands of antibiotics, but only a small fraction of them are relatively safe for use in the treatment of diseases in humans
What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are chemicals produced by living organisms (or received on the basis of natural substances), have the ability to suppress reproduction or destroy the cells of different microbes and tumors. History of discovery of antibiotics
Opening of antibiotics, without exaggeration, be called one of the greatest medical achievements of the last century. Amoxicillin antibiotic of antibiotics is the English scientist Fleming, who in 1929 described the bactericidal action of penicillin fungus colonies on the colonies of bacteria proliferating in the vicinity of the fungus. Like many great discoveries in medicine, the discovery of antibiotics was made by accident. It turns out that the scientist Fleming not very fond of cleanliness, and therefore often the tubes on the shelves in his lab were overgrown with mold. Once, after a short absence, Fleming noticed that the overgrown colony of mold penicillin to completely suppress the growth of neighboring colonies of bacteria (both colonies grew in one tube). Here we must pay tribute to the genius of the great scientist who was able to see this remarkable fact, which served as the basis for the assumption that the fungi have won the bacteria with a special substance harmless to themselves and to the deadly bacteria. This substance is a natural antibiotic – chemical weapons microcosm.
Indeed, the development of antibiotics is one of the most sophisticated methods of competition between organisms in nature.
This substance was named penicillin (from the name of the species of fungus from the colonies which was received this antibiotic). During the war, this wonderful medicine has saved thousands of patients who were doomed to death from purulent complications.
But this was only the beginning of the era of antibiotics. After the war, research in this area continued and the followers of Fleming discovered a multitude of substances with properties of penicillin. It turned out that in addition to fungal substances and similar properties are developed, and some bacteria, plants, animals. Parallel studies in the field of microbiology, biochemistry and pharmacology, finally, led to the invention of a number of antibiotics available for treatment of a wide variety of infections caused by bacteria. It was found that some antibiotics can be used to treat fungal infections or for destroying malignant tumors.
How do antibiotics
The term “antibiotic” comes from the Greek words anti, meaning against, and bios – life, and literally translates as “the cure for life”. Despite this saving antibiotics and will save millions of lives. So what is the secret of antibiotics, their mechanism of action?
The most important point in understanding the phenomenon of antibiotics is to define the horizon of their action. As we already mentioned above, antibiotics destroy or impede the development of bacteria, fungi or cell tumors, antibiotic resistance, antibiotics active against organisms composed of cells. And vice versa: antibiotics completely ineffective against viruses that are known to belong to the sub-cellular microorganisms.
The mechanism of action (principle of) antibiotics mainly lies in their ability to inhibit growth and destroy the cells of bacteria, fungi and tumors. Different antibiotics have different mechanism of action. Below we consider the principle of the major groups of antibiotics:
* Antibiotics that destroy the cell wall. A large number of bacteria protected from the outside solid frame of the complex organic compounds. The destruction of this framework is equivalent to the death of bacteria. It is this property (destruction of the cell wall) and has the above-mentioned antibiotic penicillin and all its derivatives. In addition to antibiotics of penicillin group had similar effects natural antibiotic, and avelox antibiotic. The molecules of these antibiotics block specific enzymes of bacteria that perform the role of “matching” outside the framework of bacteria. Without this enzyme the bacteria are deprived of opportunities to grow and die.
* Antibiotics that block protein synthesis. These antibiotics penetrate into bacterial cells and are associated with structures, synthesizing bacterial proteins, and blocking the biochemical processes occurring in bacterial cells. Paralyzed bacteria lose their ability to multiply and grow, which is enough to win some infections.
* Antibiotics, dissolving the cell membrane. As we know the cell membrane of some bacteria and fungi is composed of fats, which dissolve certain substances. This is the mechanism of action of antifungal antibiotics from the group nystatin, levorin, amphotericin.
Other types of antibiotics act by blocking the synthesis of nucleic acids (RNA, DNA), or paralyze certain biochemical processes in bacteria.
Some antibiotics are capable of destroying organisms, worms, and other tumor cells are able to win.
Always Do antibiotics destroy bacteria?
The global effect of antibiotics on bacteria or other microorganisms can be expressed in two forms: bactericidal and cipro antibiotic effects.
Bactericidal effect involves the destruction of bacteria. In normal doses this effect have new antibiotic targets all antibiotics that block the growth of the cell wall (penicillin, keflex antibiotic). In relation to fungi such effects have antibiotics such as nystatin or levorin (fungicidal effect).
Bacteriostatic effect is expected to slow growth and reproduction of bacteria under the action of antibiotics. Bacteriostatic action of antibiotics have, blocking the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids (tetracyclines, oral lactam antibiotic pdf, bactrim antibiotic, antibiotic adverse reactions, ceftin antibiotic, levaquin antibiotic, doxycycline antibiotic, antibiotic resistant bacteria pictures, augmentin antibiotic, omnicef antibiotic, septra antibiotic, antibiotic doses for cats and dogs, antibiotic ointment , biaxin antibiotic, pack antibiotic, honey antibiotic, antibiotic for dog, herbal antibiotic, antibiotic ampicillin, cephalexin antibiotic, antibiotic side effects, antibiotic eye drops , antibiotic home remedy, flagyl antibiotic, genital warts triple antibiotic, medications that have antibiotic properties without a prescription, triple antibiotic ointment, antibiotic treatments for cocci bacteria in dogs, cat antibiotic, antibiotic and its uses, antibiotic resistant viruses, antibiotic for boils, using antibiotic eardrops, macrolide antibiotic, antibiotic ointments, sinus infection antibiotic of choice, antibiotic intra abdominal sepsis, no prescription antibiotic, non prescription antibiotic, cipro antibiotic side effects, autism and antibiotic vaccinations, how to use garlic tablets as natural antibiotic, antibiotic levaquin, rocephin antibiotic, best antibiotic for uti, smz tmp antibiotic, triple antibiotic genital warts, dog reaction antibiotic, chemotherapy antibiotic microbiology, using garlic tablets as natural antibiotic, rifamycin antibiotic, antibiotic lawsuits, baytril antibiotic, cook spectrum antibiotic impregnated drain, antibiotic resistant salmonella, rash after taking antibiotic, antibiotic production, oral antibiotic dog eye infection ,etc.). The slowdown in growth and reproduction of bacteria is enough to win over many infections. In large doses bacteriostatic effect of these antibiotics can develop into a microbicide.
One of the main characteristics of antibiotics, which determines the possibility of their use in the treatment of disease in humans is their selectivity. Under the ability to understand the selectivity of antibiotics cause the death of some living organisms and not to act on others. Antibiotic Fleming (penicillin) had a selective destructive action in relation to the bacteria and was friendly to fungi that it was working out.
Pot to antibiotics used to treat infections in people, study their effects on the human body. In this sense, the most selective (and the least risk to humans) have a group of antibiotics antibiotic intestinal damage and cephalosporin, acting on components of bacteria which have no analogues in the human body. On the other hand antibiotics that suppress the synthesis of proteins or nucleic acids may have a similar effect on the human body, as these processes (the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids) occur in our body. Low selectivity significantly limits the application of relevant groups of antibiotics in medicine.
Another important characteristic is the spectrum of antibiotics. The spectrum of antibiotic determines the breadth of its impact on different populations of bacteria. Structure and composition of different bacteria are very diverse, and because some types of bacteria are completely insensitive to certain antibiotics, active against other bacteria. The more bacteria are sensitive to one particular antibiotic, the wider the range of its actions.
There are antibiotics broad and narrow spectrum and the other is used for certain purposes, as the width of the spectrum, as the case may be both positive and negative qualities of the antibiotic.
Resistance to antibiotics
The appearance and use of antibiotics has had a tremendous influence on microorganisms. In a sense, antibiotics have become an additional factor in the selection of habitats of microbes, and, as expected, the microbes have learned to adapt to antibiotic for strep throat. This phenomenon is known as antibiotic resistance (resistance) of microbes against antibiotics. Currently, the problem of antibiotic resistance is a major problem of antibiotic use. As it turned out, the use of antibiotics leads to the formation of microbial insensitive to them, and therefore more aggressive and dangerous than their predecessors. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are different: in some cases, the bacteria change their structure, in other cases, begin to produce substances binding antibiotics.
Diseases caused by microbes with antibiotic resistance, more severe and less responsive to treatment. Generally in the treatment of these diseases can be used only new and powerful antibiotics or synthetic drugs that are not yet known microbes.
